Updates

en/constellation/aquila.md

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ name: Aquila
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2021-06-01 19:57:14.885829
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2022-02-11 15:52:49.320656
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:14:02.808301
 ---
 ![<]($IMG_DIR/cons/Aql.png)
 A prominent constellation situated on the celestial equator, in the Milky Way region, divided in two by the Great Rift, lying in the sky to the south below the Cygnus, the Sagitta and the Vulpecula. The Milky Way, stretching through the northern and western parts of the constellation, is rich in stars in this region, overlaid in some places with dark clouds of gas and dust, and during summer nights it becomes a favorite walk for stargazers with triads. The brightest shining star is the blue-white star Altair, which, along with the stars Vega of the constellation Lyra and Deneb of the Cygnus, forms the Summer Landmark Triangle. The constellation contains no prominent deep-sky objects, but there are a number of fainter and smaller planets and dark nebulae, the most famous of which is the so-called Dark Spot in Eagle. This exceptionally dark dust cloud is found one and a half degrees from gamma Aquilae, the northern part of which is usually referred to in atlases as Barnard 143, the southern part being Barnard 142. In the triad it appears as a starless "E" shaped region really leaving a strong impression of an opaque substance placed between the observer and the distant stars.
 
 Visually, the Milky Way in Eagle leaves the impression that it is riddled with gas and dust clouds of the Great Rift, not equally bright in every place, containing stellar clouds, conspicuous patches of random nearby faint stars, and dark nebulae that cut into the Milky Way to form its shape . The first slight brightening is in the mainstream east of the star 23 Aql, roughly where the Milky Way crosses the level of the celestial equator. To the west of Altair, a bright elongated belt appears again, converging into the constellation of the Arrow. About 2/3 of the distance from above, it has another brightening and a circular (but less prominent) one west of the star Mu Aql.
 
-If you go for a walk with a trier in the Milky Way during summer nights, you may be surprised to find virtually no interesting open clusters in the vast and otherwise distinctive constellation of Eagle. This part of the sky is the area between the Orion and Sagittarius arms, so there are only very close or very distant and even fainter stars, but they are reliably obscured by the dark clouds of the Great Rift, a complex of dust in our arm located along the galactic equator. The narrowest, with sharp boundaries, is in the Swan, while the widest is between Eagle and Hadonos, and it curves slightly to the west. In this place it is much closer to us - only 1,500 light years, while in Labuti it is thousands of light years away. Because the chain of dark nebulae is slightly inclined relative to the plane of our Galaxy, the Milky Way is brighter in Eagle to the southeast of the Great Rift, while it is brighter in Labute to the northwest.
+If you go for a walk with a binocular in the Milky Way during summer nights, you may be surprised to find virtually no interesting open clusters in the vast and otherwise distinctive constellation of Eagle. This part of the sky is the area between the Orion and Sagittarius arms, so there are only very close or very distant and even fainter stars, but they are reliably obscured by the dark clouds of the Great Rift, a complex of dust in our arm located along the galactic equator. The narrowest, with sharp boundaries, is in the Swan, while the widest is between Eagle and Hadonos, and it curves slightly to the west. In this place it is much closer to us - only 1,500 light years, while in Labuti it is thousands of light years away. Because the chain of dark nebulae is slightly inclined relative to the plane of our Galaxy, the Milky Way is brighter in Eagle to the southeast of the Great Rift, while it is brighter in Labute to the northwest.

en/constellation/carina.md

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ name: Carina
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2021-06-06 08:40:05.845624
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2022-01-17 18:25:27.835015
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:15:01.419258
 ---
 ![<]($IMG_DIR/cons/Car.png)
-Keel is the dominant constellation in the southern sky, with the entire eastern part of the constellation delving into one of the richest regions of the Milky Way, with an extensive array of deep-sky objects. Six bright open clusters can be found here in trier alone. Three of them are real showpieces: NGC 2516 and NGC 3532 are very bright, large and contain many stars. IC 2602 is a group of other bright stars popularly known as the Southern Pleiades. The second brightest star in the sky, Canopus, and the η Carinae Nebula, the brightest region of ionized hydrogen in the Milky Way, occupy an area of four degrees in the sky. In its interior lies a very interesting 6th magnitude star, also called η Carinae. It is a pity that the constellation of the keel is practically impossible to observe from Europe.
+Keel is the dominant constellation in the southern sky, with the entire eastern part of the constellation delving into one of the richest regions of the Milky Way, with an extensive array of deep-sky objects. Six bright open clusters can be found here in binocular alone. Three of them are real showpieces: NGC 2516 and NGC 3532 are very bright, large and contain many stars. IC 2602 is a group of other bright stars popularly known as the Southern Pleiades. The second brightest star in the sky, Canopus, and the η Carinae Nebula, the brightest region of ionized hydrogen in the Milky Way, occupy an area of four degrees in the sky. In its interior lies a very interesting 6th magnitude star, also called η Carinae. It is a pity that the constellation of the keel is practically impossible to observe from Europe.
 
 Of particular note here is the bright and sharply defined Milky Way cloud, which spills over into the neighbouring Southern Cross. Of all the parts of the Milky Way, it appears the most colourful - white, with a very slight tendency to a bluish hue. It is important to note that at this point our view turns directly along the axis of Sagittarius' spiral arm. You can trace its northeastern part all the way to the constellation of the Shield, where it bends again at the point of the Cloud in the Shield. However, if you look more closely you will see that while the Cloud in the Shield is only 25 degrees from the centre of the Galaxy, the star cloud in Kyle is a good 75 degrees away. The explanation is simple. The arm of Sagittarius starts from the centre of the Galaxy in the direction of the constellation of the Shield and stretches further south, while in Kyle it is already far from it, encircling the centre and disappearing in the distance behind it. While objects in Sagittarius are on average five thousand light-years away, NGC 6231 in Scorpius is already 6,000 light-years away and NGC 4755 in the Southern Cross is 8,000 light-years away. Within the star cloud itself, there are a couple of diverse subdivisions that look like dark smudges in triads over a very rich star field surrounding several of the aforementioned clusters. A truly unique sight.

en/constellation/circinus.md

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ name: Circinus
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2021-06-06 08:47:29.607575
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2022-01-17 18:27:21.475238
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:15:24.808230
 ---
 ![<]($IMG_DIR/cons/Cir.png)
 A small and faint constellation of the southern sky that we can never see in our latitudes. The narrow isosceles triangle formed by the constellation's three brightest stars lies wedged between the Fly, Centaurus, Ruler and the Southern Triangle in the Milky Way. There are no interesting objects in this small constellation near the conspicuous α and β Centauri, despite lying in the Milky Way, and its faint stars are not even named.
 
-At positions 14 47.8 (RA) and -66 17 (Dec), you can discover the South Kemble Cascade, a purely random grouping of individual constellations in the constellation of the circle in trier. However, in comparison to the original, it is slightly shorter and contains up to two streams of stars that merge in the north. More striking is the straight, forty-five minute long western array consisting of eight stars. The eastern row contains the same number of stars, but is a little twisted, and its brightest star is Dzetou Circinus. The other joining stars in the south give the whole cluster a necklace-like appearance.
+At positions 14 47.8 (RA) and -66 17 (Dec), you can discover the South Kemble Cascade, a purely random grouping of individual constellations in the constellation of the circle in binocular. However, in comparison to the original, it is slightly shorter and contains up to two streams of stars that merge in the north. More striking is the straight, forty-five minute long western array consisting of eight stars. The eastern row contains the same number of stars, but is a little twisted, and its brightest star is Dzetou Circinus. The other joining stars in the south give the whole cluster a necklace-like appearance.

en/constellation/draco.md

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ name: Draco
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2022-02-04 20:42:28.219953
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2022-02-04 20:43:12.712838
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:14:33.570262
 ---
-A large, but not the brightest constellation in the North Pole region, which we can admire in our sky every clear night because it never sets. It is composed mostly of medium bright and fainter stars that form an almost semicircle around Polaris. The head of Draco is made up of the stars γ (Etamine), β (Alwaid), ξ and ν Draconis and is a rather striking star pattern, from which the bright Vega from the constellation Lyra shines not far away. The body is spread between two celestial bears. The brightest star, Thuban, Polaris at the time of the building of the pyramids, lies at the centre of the conjunction of the stars Kochab of the Little Bear and Mizar of the Big Bear. The dragon is the eighth largest constellation, and despite lying further away from the Milky Way, it hides many deepsky objects. They are mostly faint galaxies, many of interesting appearance, but there are also some nice binaries that can be resolved with a trier or small telescope. In Draco, we also find the extremely bright planetary nebula NGC 6543, known as the Cat's Eye. Not far from it lies the north pole of the ecliptic.
+A large, but not the brightest constellation in the North Pole region, which we can admire in our sky every clear night because it never sets. It is composed mostly of medium bright and fainter stars that form an almost semicircle around Polaris. The head of Draco is made up of the stars γ (Etamine), β (Alwaid), ξ and ν Draconis and is a rather striking star pattern, from which the bright Vega from the constellation Lyra shines not far away. The body is spread between two celestial bears. The brightest star, Thuban, Polaris at the time of the building of the pyramids, lies at the centre of the conjunction of the stars Kochab of the Little Bear and Mizar of the Big Bear. The dragon is the eighth largest constellation, and despite lying further away from the Milky Way, it hides many deepsky objects. They are mostly faint galaxies, many of interesting appearance, but there are also some nice binaries that can be resolved with a binocular or small telescope. In Draco, we also find the extremely bright planetary nebula NGC 6543, known as the Cat's Eye. Not far from it lies the north pole of the ecliptic.
 
 ![<]($IMG_DIR/cons/Dra.png)

en/constellation/lupus.md

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ name: Lupus
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2021-06-29 07:25:14.221918
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2021-06-29 07:34:04.120598
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:15:47.461640
 ---
-Constellation of the southern sky, in our latitudes only its northern part rises above the horizon. The constellation is only beginning to be clearly visible from the southern regions of the Mediterranean. The Wolf lies on the northeastern edge of the southern Milky Way between Scorpius and Centaurus, below Libra. Its pattern is made up of several 2nd and 3rd magnitude stars, most of which belong to the vast Scorpio-Centaurus stellar association. Many of them are binaries, as can be seen in a small telescope: ε, κ (3.9mag, 5.8mag, 26.8"), μ, η (3.6mag, 7.6mag, 15") π (4 , 6mag, 4.7mag, 1.4") and ξ Lupi (5.3mag, 5.8mag, 10.4"). Like other constellations in the Milky Way, the Wolf harbors several open clusters, the brightest of which is the large NGC 5822, visible even to the trier near ζ Lupi. We also find a few planetary nebulae, globular clusters and galaxies.
+Constellation of the southern sky, in our latitudes only its northern part rises above the horizon. The constellation is only beginning to be clearly visible from the southern regions of the Mediterranean. The Wolf lies on the northeastern edge of the southern Milky Way between Scorpius and Centaurus, below Libra. Its pattern is made up of several 2nd and 3rd magnitude stars, most of which belong to the vast Scorpio-Centaurus stellar association. Many of them are binaries, as can be seen in a small telescope: ε, κ (3.9mag, 5.8mag, 26.8"), μ, η (3.6mag, 7.6mag, 15") π (4 , 6mag, 4.7mag, 1.4") and ξ Lupi (5.3mag, 5.8mag, 10.4"). Like other constellations in the Milky Way, the Wolf harbors several open clusters, the brightest of which is the large NGC 5822, visible even to the binocular near ζ Lupi. We also find a few planetary nebulae, globular clusters and galaxies.
 
 In a constellation that is all adorned with the rich structure of the Milky Way near its center, there is a very remarkable dark nebula called Barnard 228. This thin but up to four degrees long dust belt can be found near the stars ψ1 and ψ2 Lupi. It looks like a narrow dark channel in the stellar field and is best seen in wide fields of large binaries that enhance the contrast between the dark nebulae and the surrounding Milky Way. Finding it in the field of view is not difficult, just move the telescope slowly eastward from the stars of ψ Lupi.
 

en/constellation/musca.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Musca
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2021-06-29 13:12:26.974967
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2021-06-29 13:12:26.975215
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:16:05.118542
 ---
 ![<]($IMG_DIR/cons/Mus.png)
-A small constellation of the southern sky lying between the chameleons and the Southern Cross in the Milky Way, not visible from our latitudes. The constellation of the Fly is quite a striking feature, although apart from α muscae its stars do not exceed third magnitude. The star λ muscae is white and together with μ muscae, which is red, forms a contrasting pair in the triad. Of the deep-sky objects in the constellation, two globular clusters that are visible to the trier attract attention: NGC 4372 and NGC 4833, as well as a small portion of the dark Coal Sack Nebula that extends in from the neighboring Southern Cross. To the northwest of NGC 4372, there is again an interestingly curled dark filament a little bit of a degree in size - the Dark Doodad Nebula.
+A small constellation of the southern sky lying between the chameleons and the Southern Cross in the Milky Way, not visible from our latitudes. The constellation of the Fly is quite a striking feature, although apart from α muscae its stars do not exceed third magnitude. The star λ muscae is white and together with μ muscae, which is red, forms a contrasting pair in the triad. Of the deep-sky objects in the constellation, two globular clusters that are visible to the binocular attract attention: NGC 4372 and NGC 4833, as well as a small portion of the dark Coal Sack Nebula that extends in from the neighboring Southern Cross. To the northwest of NGC 4372, there is again an interestingly curled dark filament a little bit of a degree in size - the Dark Doodad Nebula.

en/constellation/norma.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Norma
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2021-07-10 08:33:50.275312
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2021-07-10 08:33:50.275508
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:16:24.481700
 ---
 ![<]($IMG_DIR/cons/Nor.png)
-A small and fainter constellation of the southern sky that does not rise above the horizon at our latitudes. It lies along the galactic equator between the Wolf and the Altar in the region where the Milky Way is again split by the Great Rift. The constellation is located in a rich part of the Milky Way and is therefore a good destination for a trier's walk across the sky. There is a striking star cloud here that is ivory white in colour. To the north of it, the Milky Way dissolves into an irregular and intricately complicated system interspersed with many brightenings and dark dust. The constellation's four brightest stars form a symmetrical trapezoid around which several open clusters are found. Two of them - NGC 6067 and 6087 - are usually visible as hazy patches without any optical aid. This small constellation is also lucky to have novae - one flared up here in 1893 and another appeared near here in 1920.
+A small and fainter constellation of the southern sky that does not rise above the horizon at our latitudes. It lies along the galactic equator between the Wolf and the Altar in the region where the Milky Way is again split by the Great Rift. The constellation is located in a rich part of the Milky Way and is therefore a good destination for a binocular's walk across the sky. There is a striking star cloud here that is ivory white in colour. To the north of it, the Milky Way dissolves into an irregular and intricately complicated system interspersed with many brightenings and dark dust. The constellation's four brightest stars form a symmetrical trapezoid around which several open clusters are found. Two of them - NGC 6067 and 6087 - are usually visible as hazy patches without any optical aid. This small constellation is also lucky to have novae - one flared up here in 1893 and another appeared near here in 1920.

en/constellation/ophiuchus.md

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ name: Ophiuchus
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2021-07-10 14:48:05.710581
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2021-07-10 14:48:05.710844
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:16:46.353752
 ---
 A large equatorial constellation of the summer sky, stretching between Hercules and Scorpio. The ecliptic passes through the southern part of Ophiuchus, which is why Ophiuchus is also sometimes referred to as the "13th constellation of the animal". The Sun is here in the first half of December each year, specifically from November 30 to December 17. Ophiuchus lies almost exactly in the middle of the sky: between the north and south poles and between the spring and autumn points.
 
-There are five stars of magnitude greater than three in Ophiuchus, but it's an extremely spread out and uncluttered summer constellation, but well worth exploring with a good map and at least some sort of trier. In its northeastern part, a split branch of the summer Milky Way extends into it, while its southernmost parts delve into the rich region between Sagittarius and Scorpius, near the centre of the Galaxy. Because most globular clusters are concentrated around it, there are many - over 20 - in the constellation. Ophiuchus also contains typical Milky Way objects such as open clusters, emission and dark nebulae.
+There are five stars of magnitude greater than three in Ophiuchus, but it's an extremely spread out and uncluttered summer constellation, but well worth exploring with a good map and at least some sort of binocular. In its northeastern part, a split branch of the summer Milky Way extends into it, while its southernmost parts delve into the rich region between Sagittarius and Scorpius, near the centre of the Galaxy. Because most globular clusters are concentrated around it, there are many - over 20 - in the constellation. Ophiuchus also contains typical Milky Way objects such as open clusters, emission and dark nebulae.
 
 The most important and prominent dust complex is the large dark formation Pipe nebula (LDN 1773). Its mouthpiece is clearly visible as a roughly four-degree notch from the eastern side into a less conspicuous, but still easily visible bulge to the west of the Galactic plane. It is formed by the Barnard system of dark nebulae 77, 78, 59, 65, 66, 67 on the borders of Sagittarius, Ophiuchus and Scorpio and transforms in triads into a region virtually devoid of any bright stars. Start looking for the pipe about twelve degrees east of Antares at the line of three 3-4mag stars, the only really conspicuous ones in the area. The brightest of these - θ Ophiuchi - lies in the middle of this line. The head of the Pipe is located three degrees SSE of it, the mouthpiece extends two degrees down below θ Oph and terminates three and a half degrees southwest of 36 Ophiuchi, the westernmost star of the line. The globular cluster M19 also lies a short distance to the VSV.
 

en/constellation/sculptor.md

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ name: Sculptor
 created_by: skybber
 created_date: 2021-07-25 07:39:47.283278
 updated_by: skybber
-updated_date: 2021-07-25 07:39:47.283614
+updated_date: 2022-02-11 18:17:10.969516
 ---
-A faint constellation of the southern sky below the Whale and Aquarius, east of the Southern Fish. In this tiny constellation east of Fomalhaut lies the South Galactic Pole, which marks one of the two points on the axis of rotation of our Galaxy. The latter is shaped like a disk that rotates around its core, and the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of the Milky Way. The points where the axis crosses the sky are called the galactic poles. The northern galactic coordinates lie in the constellation Berenice's Hair. Because we are looking into this region as if out of our Galaxy, we can see only a small number of stars in that direction; gas and dust clouds are scattered. This is also the direction we have the best view of distant space and can observe a number of extragalactic objects. In the constellation is the so-called Sculptor system, a dwarf member of our Local Group of galaxies, only 260,000 light-years away, but with too low an areal brightness to be detected in amateur telescopes. Much more favourable is the observation of members of the galaxy cluster in Sculptor, a handful of spiral galaxies just 8 million light-years away, making it probably the closest galaxy cluster to the Local Group. Sometimes referred to as the "South Galactic Pole Group", two of these galaxies, NGC 55 and NGC 253, mainly from the equatorial regions where they stand out higher on the meridian, can be detected in ordinary trier.
+A faint constellation of the southern sky below the Whale and Aquarius, east of the Southern Fish. In this tiny constellation east of Fomalhaut lies the South Galactic Pole, which marks one of the two points on the axis of rotation of our Galaxy. The latter is shaped like a disk that rotates around its core, and the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of the Milky Way. The points where the axis crosses the sky are called the galactic poles. The northern galactic coordinates lie in the constellation Berenice's Hair. Because we are looking into this region as if out of our Galaxy, we can see only a small number of stars in that direction; gas and dust clouds are scattered. This is also the direction we have the best view of distant space and can observe a number of extragalactic objects. In the constellation is the so-called Sculptor system, a dwarf member of our Local Group of galaxies, only 260,000 light-years away, but with too low an areal brightness to be detected in amateur telescopes. Much more favourable is the observation of members of the galaxy cluster in Sculptor, a handful of spiral galaxies just 8 million light-years away, making it probably the closest galaxy cluster to the Local Group. Sometimes referred to as the "South Galactic Pole Group", two of these galaxies, NGC 55 and NGC 253, mainly from the equatorial regions where they stand out higher on the meridian, can be detected in ordinary binocular.
 
 ![<]($IMG_DIR/cons/Scl.png)